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<p>The <b>base load</b><sup id="cite_ref-baseload_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baseload-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also <b>baseload</b>) is the minimum level of demand on an <a href="Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> over a span of time, for example, one week. This demand can be met by unvarying power plants<sup id="cite_ref-fink78_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fink78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable generation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pembina_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pembina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on which approach has the best mix of cost, availability and reliability in any particular market. The remainder of demand, varying throughout a day, is met by <a href="Intermittent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent sources">intermittent sources</a> together with dispatchable generation (such as <a href="Load_following_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Load following power plant">load following power plants</a>, <a href="Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">peaking power plants</a>, which can be turned up or down quickly) or <a href="Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a>.

</p><p>Power plants that do not change their power output quickly, such as some large coal or nuclear plants, are generally called <b>baseload power plants</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-fink78_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fink78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vortex_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vortex-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century most or all of base load demand was met with baseload power plants,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas new capacity based around renewables often employs flexible generation.<sup id="cite_ref-holliday_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holliday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p><a href="Regional_transmission_organization_(North_America)" title="Regional transmission organization (North America)">Grid operators</a> take <a href="Electricity_market#Bid-based,_security-constrained,_economic_dispatch_with_nodal_prices" title="Electricity market">long and short term bids</a> to provide electricity over various time periods and <a href="Grid_balancing" title="Grid balancing">balance supply and demand</a> continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-ibrd_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrd-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detailed adjustments are known as the <a href="Unit_commitment_problem_in_electrical_power_production" title="Unit commitment problem in electrical power production">unit commitment problem in electrical power production</a>.

</p><p>While historically large power grids used unvarying power plants to meet the base load, there is no specific technical requirement for this to be so. The base load can equally well be met by the appropriate quantity of <a href="Intermittent_power_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent power source">intermittent power sources</a> and <a href="Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchable generation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pembina_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pembina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stanford_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Unvarying power plants can be coal, nuclear, <a href="Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> plants, which may take several days to start up and shut down,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a>, <a href="Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>, and <a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.

</p><p>The desirable attribute of <a href="Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">dispatchability</a> applies to some gas plants and hydroelectricity. Grid operators also use <i><a href="Curtailment_(electricity)" title="Curtailment (electricity)">curtailment</a></i> to shut plants out of the grid when their energy is not needed.<sup id="cite_ref-curt1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curt1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-curt2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curt2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2></div>

<p>Grid operators solicit bids to find the cheapest sources of electricity over short and long term buying periods.<sup id="cite_ref-alj_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alj-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Traditionally, nuclear and coal plants had high <a href="Fixed_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed costs">fixed costs</a>, high <a href="Plant_load_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant load factor">plant load factor</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but low <a href="Marginal_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal costs">marginal costs</a>. On the other hand, peak load generators, such as <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, had low fixed costs, low plant load factor and high marginal costs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some coal and nuclear power plants do not change production to match power consumption demands since it is sometimes more economical to keep operating them at constant production levels than to reduce output during <a href="Negative_pricing" title="Negative pricing">times of power price below</a> marginal cost, and not all power plants are designed for it. The <a href="International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> has suggested that coal power plants should not run as baseload, because that <a href="Carbon_dioxide_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emission">emits a lot of carbon dioxide</a>, which <a href="Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">causes climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nuclear power stations, such as those <a href="Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">in France</a>, are physically capable of being used as <a href="Load_following_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Load following power plant">load following power plants</a> and do alter their output, to some degree, to help meet varying demands.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some combined-cycle plants usually fuelled by gas, can provide baseload power,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as being able to be cost-effectively cycled up and down to match more rapid fluctuations in consumption.

</p><p>According to <a href="National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid plc</a> <a href="Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> <a href="Steve_Holliday" title="Steve Holliday">Steve Holliday</a> in 2015, and others, baseload is "outdated".<sup id="cite_ref-holliday_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holliday-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, <a href="Steve_Holliday" title="Steve Holliday">Steve Holliday</a> had left his position as CEO of <a href="National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid plc</a> and went on the record to say that, "It’s hard to conceive that nuclear does not have an important role to play".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(electrical_power)" title="Load balancing (electrical power)">Load balancing (electrical power)</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_following_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Load following power plant">Load following power plant</a></li>

<li><a href="Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">Peaking power plant</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-curt1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curt1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLewMilliganCarlini2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bird, Lori; Lew, Debra; Milligan, Michael; Carlini, E. Maria; Estanqueiro, Ana; Flynn, Damian; Gomez-Lazaro, Emilio; Holttinen, Hannele; Menemenlis, Nickie (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2016.06.082">"Wind and solar energy curtailment: A review of international experience"</a>. <i>Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews</i>. <b>65</b>: <span class="nowrap">577–</span>586. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSERv..65..577B">2016RSERv..65..577B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2016.06.082">10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.082</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F9090">10197/9090</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-0321">1364-0321</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-curt2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curt2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGIMON2015" class="citation web cs1">GIMON, ERIC, ROBBIE ORVIS AND SONIA AGGARWAL (2015-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/renewables-curtailment-in-california-and-the-midwest-what-can-we-learn-from#gs.93GvC=4">"Renewables Curtailment: What We Can Learn From Grid Operations in California and the Midwest"</a>. <i>Green Tech Media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-16</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-alj-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alj_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2014" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David Cay (2014-05-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/5/electricity-auctionpricespowerbillsconsumers.html">"OPINION: How electricity auctions are rigged to favor industry"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/what-generation-capacity">"What is Generation Capacity?"</a>. <i>Energy.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_J._Daniels1996" class="citation book cs1">Ronald J. Daniels (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aF7lWf14H2EC&dq=hydro+base+load&pg=PA77"><i>Ontario Hydro at the Millennium: Has Monopoly's Moment Passed?</i></a>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780773514300</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/accelerating-just-transitions-for-the-coal-sector">"Accelerating Just Transitions for the Coal Sector – Analysis"</a>. <i>IEA</i>. 2024-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuclear Development, June 2011, page 10 from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oecd-nea.org/">http://www.oecd-nea.org/</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-nea.org/">"Nuclear Development"</a>. <i>www.oecd-nea.org</i>. Nuclear Energy Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utilitydive.com/news/a-users-guide-to-natural-gas-power-plants/259104/">"A user's guide to natural gas power plants"</a>. <i>Utility Dive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-18</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Reed2019" class="citation web cs1">Stanley Reed (7 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/business/energy-environment/wales-hitachi-nuclear-plant-jobs.html">"For Wales, Nuclear Plant Would Mean New Jobs. For the U.K., It May Mean More"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217095327/http://cipco.apogee.net/foe/fgdlbl.asp">Base Load Power Plants - Fundamentals of Electricity</a> - Broken</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519095631/http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/electricity/levelized_costs.html">Levelized Costs of Electricity Production by Technology</a> - Broken</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301061409/http://www.asktheenergydoctor.com/images/X7-Capacity.doc">The Energy Resources and Economics Workbook (.doc)</a> - Broken</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Electricity_delivery729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li>

<li><a href="Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li>

<li><a href="Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li>

<li><a href="Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_system_reliability" title="Power system reliability">Power system reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li>

<li><a href="Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a>

<li><a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li>

<li><a href="Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispatchable_generation" title="Dispatchable generation">Dispatchable</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">Energy storage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battery_energy_storage_system" title="Battery energy storage system">Battery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Inertial_response" title="Inertial response">Inertial response</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverter-based_resource" title="Inverter-based resource">Inverter-based resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li>

<li><a href="Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br>and <a href="Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancillary_services" title="Ancillary services">Ancillary services</a></li>

<li><a href="Balancing_authority" title="Balancing authority">Balancing authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_(electrical_grid)" title="Contingency (electrical grid)">Contingency (electrical grid)</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grid_balancing" title="Grid balancing">Grid balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li>

<li><a href="High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li>

<li><a href="Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li>

<li><a href="Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conductor_gallop" title="Conductor gallop">Conductor gallop</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li>

<li><a href="Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li>

<li><a href="Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Substation" title="Substation">Substation</a></li>

<li><a href="Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li>

<li><a href="Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li>

<li><a href="Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li>

<li><a href="Voltage_control_and_reactive_power_management" title="Voltage control and reactive power management">Voltage control and reactive power management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li>

<li><a href="Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Islanding" title="Islanding">Islanding</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a>

<li><a href="Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br>devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li>

<li><a href="Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br>and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li>

<li><a href="Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li>

<li><a href="Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li>

<li><a href="Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br>production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-06" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Base_load&oldid=1304486263">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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